Can Respiratory Infections Harm My Pregnancy? Protecting Your Health During Pregnancy.

Pregnancy is a transformative journey that brings excitement, joy, and sometimes uncertainty. One of the common concerns for expectant mothers is the potential effects of illnesses during pregnancy. Respiratory infections, in particular, are common, especially in the colder months or during flu season. As the immune system undergoes changes during pregnancy, the question arises: can respiratory infections harm my pregnancy? In this article, we’ll explore how respiratory infections can affect both you and your developing baby during pregnancy. Understanding the risks, preventative measures, and the importance of antenatal care will help you stay informed and prepared for your pregnancy journey.

What Are Respiratory Infections?

Respiratory infections refer to illnesses that affect the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and sinuses. These infections are typically caused by viruses or bacteria and can lead to symptoms such as coughing, congestion, sore throat, fever, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Common types of respiratory infections include:

• Common cold
• Flu (Influenza)
• COVID-19
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia While many respiratory infections are mild and resolve on their own, they can sometimes lead to more serious complications, especially in pregnant women. The body’s immune system is slightly suppressed during pregnancy to avoid rejecting the growing baby, which can make expectant mothers more susceptible to infections.

Other Types of Respiratory Infections That Can Affect Pregnancy

In addition to the common cold, flu (influenza), COVID-19, bronchitis, and pneumonia, there are several other respiratory infections that can potentially harm pregnancy or complicate it. These include:

1. Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)
   • Cause: Usually caused by a viral infection, though bacterial infections can also occur.
   • Symptoms: Headache, facial pain, nasal congestion, and a thick nasal discharge.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: While sinusitis is typically not dangerous, severe cases can lead to ear infections or chronic congestion, making breathing more difficult for expectant mothers. Treatment often includes rest and nasal saline sprays.
2. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
   • Cause: A common viral infection, especially in infants and young children, but adults can also be affected.
   • Symptoms: Cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, much like a severe cold or mild pneumonia.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: If contracted during pregnancy, RSV can cause complications such as difficulty breathing and increased risk of other secondary infections like pneumonia. It’s important to monitor symptoms closely.
3. Tuberculosis (TB)
   • Cause: A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body.
   • Symptoms: Persistent cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: TB can be dangerous during pregnancy and may require long-term treatment. It can increase the risk of premature labour, low birth weight, and maternal health complications. Active TB requires immediate medical attention.
4. Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
   • Cause: Bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis.
   • Symptoms: Severe coughing fits, often followed by a “whooping” sound as the person breathes in.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: Although whooping cough is generally more concerning for infants, pregnant women who contract it are at risk for complications like pneumonia and respiratory distress. Vaccination during pregnancy can help protect the newborn after birth. The NHS has offered an RSV vaccine to pregnant women since September 2024.
5. Streptococcus Pneumonia (Pneumococcal Infection)
   • Cause: Bacterial infection caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.
   • Symptoms: Chest pain, cough, fever, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: Pneumococcal infections can cause pneumonia and other complications in pregnancy, increasing the risk of preterm birth or low birth weight if left untreated. The infection may also be harmful if it progresses to sepsis.
6. Adenovirus Infection
   • Cause: A viral infection that can cause symptoms like a cold, sore throat, bronchitis, and even pneumonia.
   • Symptoms: Fever, sore throat, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: Though typically mild, adenovirus can lead to more serious complications in pregnant women, especially those who are immunocompromised. It may increase the risk of respiratory distress and other complications if not treated promptly.
7. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
   • Cause: A viral infection that belongs to the herpesvirus family.
   • Symptoms: Often asymptomatic, but when symptoms do occur, they include fever, sore throat, and fatigue.
   • Impact on Pregnancy: CMV infection during pregnancy can be serious, especially if contracted for the first time during pregnancy. It can affect the baby, leading to birth defects or developmental delays. Pregnant women should take steps to reduce their risk of CMV, particularly through good hygiene practices.

How Respiratory Infections Can Affect Pregnancy

The impact of a respiratory infection on your pregnancy largely depends on the severity of the illness and how well it’s managed. While most mild infections don’t pose a significant risk, some can potentially cause complications. Let’s explore how respiratory infections might affect your pregnancy and your baby’s health.

1. Increased Risk of Preterm Labour

Certain respiratory infections, particularly severe ones such as influenza and pneumonia, can increase the risk of preterm labour. Infections can trigger the release of inflammatory molecules that may lead to early contractions. If the infection affects the lungs or causes a high fever, it can also put stress on the body, which could contribute to early labour.

2. Low Birth Weight

Respiratory infections can also increase the risk of having a baby with low birth weight. Infections that cause fever, dehydration, or poor appetite may limit your ability to provide the nutrients and oxygen your baby needs. If the infection is severe, it could result in compromised growth and development in the womb.

3. Reduced Oxygen Supply

Severe respiratory infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis, can affect the lungs’ ability to deliver oxygen to the bloodstream. This means that less oxygen is available for your baby, which could have serious consequences for their development. For example, the baby may be more likely to experience breathing difficulties after birth or may require additional medical support.

4. Increased Risk of Pregnancy Complications

Some respiratory infections, especially bacterial infections, can lead to more severe complications for both the mother and the baby. Conditions such as sepsis, a severe infection that spreads throughout the body, can put both the mother and the baby at risk. Sepsis can cause premature rupture of the membranes, preterm labour, and even fetal death in the most severe cases. Furthermore, infections like influenza can trigger secondary complications such as sinus infections, ear infections, or bronchitis, which may require medical treatment and could potentially complicate the pregnancy further.

5. Placental Infection

In rare cases, respiratory infections can lead to an infection of the placenta, known as chorioamnionitis. This condition can affect the pregnancy and lead to serious complications, including the premature birth of the baby, stillbirth, or neonatal infection.

How to Protect Yourself from Respiratory Infections During Pregnancy

While it’s impossible to avoid every potential risk, there are measures you can take to reduce your chances of developing a respiratory infection during pregnancy. Preventative steps, combined with good antenatal care, are key to ensuring your health and the health of your baby.

1. Practice Good Hygiene

One of the most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by practicing good hygiene. Here are some simple steps you can take:

• Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially after being in public places, touching surfaces, or coughing and sneezing.
• Carry hand sanitiser with you for times when washing hands isn’t an option.
• Avoid touching your face, particularly your eyes, nose, and mouth, as these are the areas through which viruses can enter your body.

2. Get Vaccinated

One of the most important things you can do to protect yourself and your baby from respiratory infections is to get vaccinated. Prenatal care should include discussions with your healthcare provider about getting the flu vaccine and the COVID-19 vaccine, both of which are safe during pregnancy. These vaccines can significantly reduce your risk of developing serious infections that could harm your pregnancy.

• Flu Vaccine: The flu vaccine is recommended for all pregnant women, as the flu can lead to serious complications, including preterm labour and severe illness.
• COVID-19 Vaccine: Research shows that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective for pregnant women, reducing the risk of severe illness and complications from COVID-19.

3. Stay Hydrated and Eat Nutritious Foods

Drinking plenty of water and eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals can help support your immune system and overall health. Antenatal vitamins can also be a valuable addition to ensure that you’re getting the nutrients you need, including folic acid, iron, and calcium, which are essential for a healthy pregnancy. Maintaining good hydration helps thin mucus, making it easier to clear your airways, and ensures that your body is able to fight off infections more effectively.

4. Rest and Manage Stress

Getting adequate rest is crucial when you’re pregnant. Overexerting yourself can increase your risk of becoming ill, as your body needs time to recover and repair itself. In addition to rest, managing stress is important for overall health. Chronic stress can suppress your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off infections.

5. Attend Regular Antenatal Appointments

Regular antenatal appointments allow your healthcare provider to monitor both your health and the development of your baby. If you do develop a respiratory infection, it’s important to inform your provider, as they can guide you on the appropriate treatment and care. Your healthcare provider may also recommend specific tests or antenatal scans to assess the health of your baby.

What to Do if You Catch a Respiratory Infection During Pregnancy

If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, it’s important to seek medical attention immediately. Early intervention can help prevent complications and ensure that you and your baby are properly cared for. Your healthcare provider will assess the severity of the infection and may recommend the following treatments:

• Medications: Depending on the type of infection, your healthcare provider may prescribe antiviral or antibiotic medications that are safe for pregnancy. For example, if you have the flu, antiviral medications can reduce the severity and duration of the illness.
• Symptom Management: Over-the-counter medications for pain relief or fever reduction may be recommended, but always consult your doctor before taking any medication during pregnancy.
• Rest and Monitoring: Your healthcare provider may recommend rest and hydration. In severe cases, if you develop a high fever or difficulty breathing, you may need to be admitted to the hospital for further care and monitoring. Respiratory infections during pregnancy, while often mild, can pose risks to both the mother and the baby, particularly if left untreated or if they become severe. Antenatal care is essential for ensuring that any infections are detected early and managed effectively. Taking proactive measures, such as getting vaccinated, practising good hygiene, and attending regular antenatal appointments, can significantly reduce your risk of developing a respiratory infection and help protect your pregnancy. While it’s important to be cautious, it’s also essential to remember that most pregnant women who catch a respiratory infection will recover with proper treatment and rest. By prioritising your health and seeking timely medical advice, you can navigate your pregnancy with confidence and peace of mind.